| Examinations | Instrument / Preparation technique | Example | |
| Scanning electron microscopy | |||
| e.g: | Surface structures | SEM | Pollen |
| Spatially resolved elemental analysis (traces of gunshot, mineral phases in rocks and soils, microelectronic components) | SEM/EDX | Phase analysis of smokestack | |
| Ba-Pb-Mapping of the smokestack | |||
| Sb-Pb-Mapping of smokestacks | |||
| Preparation | |||
| e.g: | Root cross sections; | Freeze-drying | |
| human sperm; soil arthropods; plankton; sediments | Fixation; dewatering; critical point drying. | ||
| Soil litter samples; sediment samples,; mineral samples; technical filter materials. | Sputtering (Au, etc.) | ||
| Root cross sections; human sperm; soil arthropods; plankton; sediments | Vapor deposition (Au, carbon, etc.) | ||
| FTIR microscopy | |||
| e.g: | forensic fiber analysis | Transmission | Excerpt VL-Script |
| paints, coatings, powders | diffuse reflection | Excerpt VL-Script | |
| Multispectral photography | |||
| e.g: | high resolution vegetation mapping | NDVI | Publication |
| Authentication of documents | NIR and UV fluorescence photography | Student exercise | |
